OAS last meeting :: essays research papers

Organization of American States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Organization of American States (OAS) brings together the countries of Western Hemisphere to strengthen cooperation and to advance common interests. It is the region’s premier forum for multilateral dialogue and concerted action. The OAS helps in many different ways to make changes around the world. Actually the OAS is having a meeting in Ft. Lauderdale (Florida) and some of their actions are showing their interest to defend democracy and human rights around Latin America as for example in Venezuela. Furthermore, the OAS demonstrates interest in Strengthening Security, and combating illegal drugs in Colombia (South America); one of the most important things the OAS is focused on is the fostering free trade between countries’ members association. This OAS meeting in Ft. Lauderdale is making history, focusing in the most critical problems that countries from Latin American are trying to combat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The OAS plays a key role in strengthening democratic and human rights institutions and practices in the countries of the Americas. As for example in Venezuela during the meeting, the OAS shows their interest in the political tension that Venezuela is passing through after the last president elections. In Venezuela the opposition reclaims that past election was not totally legal, these accusations to Venezuelan’s government made the OAS to worry about the status of democracy and human right protection to Venezuelan society. According to news article on the Miami Herald another fact which makes the OAS worry about Venezuela’s situation is the actual President Chavez’s hostility against the United States type of democracy. The OAS discuses all these conflicts during the recent meeting and finally Venezuela accepts the role in the OAS for non-governmental groups that evaluates countries where democracy is allegedly at risk, such as Venezuela.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The OAS is working on different limit borders to make Latin American countries safer, and they are also looking forward to prevent terrorism by strengthening control borders, by trying to eliminate drug trafficking and also by increasing security among law enforcement authorities in different countries. For example in Colombia (South America); during the meeting the OAS members discuss Colombian treaties to acquire national peace; this process supports, informs, helps and verifies initiatives from Colombian people to defend their social security in small regions of their territory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since OAS’s creation, their main goal has been to create a hemisphere-wide trading zone, called Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

Results and Discussion Example

Results In this experiment we used paper chromatography to determine the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, and beta-carotene in a tube of blended leaf extract. We recorded our findings on the table labeled table 1. Table 1 shows the transmittance at each wavelength on a table from 400 to 720. The information on Figure 1 came from the leaf extract on the paper chromatography that we used; with the help of acetone we saw the spectrum and the differences of the different pigments.Percentage transmittance in Table 1 show that the lower the number, the more dense that solution is at that specific wavelength. As the numbers get higher, the less dense it is and if the number is 100 at a specific wavelength then the solution was clear. As we can see from Table 1, each of the pigments had different low transmittance based on how high the absorption was in each of the pigments. For this we calculated that at there was a peak on the graph at the lowest points in table 1.For i nstance, in the chlorophyll a column in Table 1 the lowest points on the graphs at 8 and 28 and also at 44, which shows that there will be a peak around those points. In chlorophyll b, the lowest points are from 25. 2, 12. 4, and 9. 4, which would be the first peak and the next will be at 55. 6. In Xanthophyll, the points were the first peak will be are 52. 4, 43. 6, 44. 8, and 53. 0. Lastly in Carotene, the graph will peak at 92. 2, 93. 6, and 92. 4. By using these points we predicted the behavior of the graph.TABLE 1| | | Wavelength| Chlorophyll a| Chlorophyll b| Xanthophyll| Carotene| 400| 12| 42| 61. 8| 96. 8| 420| 8| 25. 2| 52. 4| 99. 6| 440| 28| 12. 4| 43. 6| 92. 2| 460| 71. 5| 9. 4| 44. 8| 93. 6| 480| 81| 48. 4| 53| 92. 4| 500| 88| 88. 6| 83. 2| 99. 2| 520| 88| 91. 4| 94. 2| 100| 540| 84. 5| 87. 4| 95. 6| 100| 560| 83| 85. 2| 96. 4| 99. 2| 580| 71. 5| 83. 4| 96. 2| 100| 600| 72. 5| 76. 8| 96| 100| 620| 61. 5| 78. 2| 94. 4| 100| 640| 61. 5| 59. 6| 94. 6| 100| 660| 44| 55. 6| 9 3. 2| 100| 680| 48. 8| 67. 8| 92. 6| 99. 8| 700| 64. 6| 60| 91. 4| 92. 8| 720| 50. 6| 52. 4| 89| -|On the graph labeled Figure 1, it shows the absorbance of each of the pigments that are shown in Table 1. The difference between Table 1 and Figure 1 is that where table 1 shows the transmittance points of each wavelength of each pigment, Figure 1 shows the absorption peaks of each of the wavelengths. For chlorophyll a, the highest peaks are at 420, but then the graph plummets at around 450 and has another peak between 650 and 700. For chlorophyll b, the highest peaks of absorbance are between 450 and 500 then it makes a big plummet around 500 and has another peak between 640 and 660.For Xanthophyll, the only peak is between 420 and 480, then the graph as minimal movement from there and stays in the 90 range never hitting 100. Lastly, beta-carotene has small peaks at 440 and 460 and then the graph stays almost stagnant at 100. Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to find out w hy the leaves on a tree changed color in the fall. We predicted that the molecules in the leaves of the tree attributed to the change. We found out that the molecules: Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Xanthophyll, and Beta-carotene are the main molecules that reside in a leaf.We also stated that the tree absorbs the elements found in some of these molecules so that they can be used in the spring, when the trees are green once more. This prediction came from when we studied the molecular composition of each of the molecules and correlated the results the experiment and the specific elements that the tree would have needed for another year. The results of this experiment show that at there is less chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in the composition of the leaves that were used.This meant that when the season is changing, the molecules in these structures start to be absorbed back into the tree. This conclusion came from the fact that in table 1 from 420 and 440 Nano meters there was a low transmittance rate of these two molecules, which means that the absorbance rate was high. During the fall season there is not enough sunlight for the trees to perform photosynthesis to make their own food, what a plant needs to survive would be the Magnesium and Nitrogen that are found in the molecular structures of chlorophyll a and b.Therefore they absorb all of these nutrients that the tree needs to survive so that they can make it thorough the winter. Errors could have been made with this experiment. Some of them include that the individuals in different groups did not have the same control as the others. We did not measure the same amount of acetone in each vial nor did we measure how much of the leaf extraction each person used. Another source of error would be how the spectrometer was used, if it was reset the same at each wavelength each time.Compared to previous experiments the information that was collected in this one was accurate. The peaks for each pigment were roughly around the same wavelength. The standard for chlorophyll a was peaks at 430 and 662, chlorophyll b peaks at 453 and 642, xanthophyll a range from 450 to 550 and for the beta-carotene peaks at a range from 450 to 550. Our results were roughly around the same as you can see from Table 1. The end result of the experiment was successful, because of the results that we produced were similar to the results of previous experiments.

International Trade Essay - 814 Words

International Trade In today’s world there are many issues in need of reformation, one of which is international trade, otherwise known as globalization. Although there are a great deal of rules, regulations, and policies imposed on international trade, the manner in which those rules have been enforced is a major controversy that seems to be escalating day by day. At the center of the controversy is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO was established in 1995 in order to transform the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) into an enforceable global commercial code. Critics of the WTO say that instead of being run democratically and in the interest of member countries, it has become the enforcer of corporate managed†¦show more content†¦Once again they are demonstrating that the pursuit of wealth is it’s number one goal and ignoring massive protests launched by American labor unions who argue that the pact could cost hundreds of thousands of American jobs due to an increase in Chinese imports and companies who may decide to relocate factories to China, where cheap labor can be utilized. Another prominent issue concerning the WTO is organically produced foods, which have become a highly demanded product in the last few years. Countries take part in distributing and manufacturing foods because it has led to an increased amount of trade (increasing exports and minimizing imports). The parties that have benefited most from organically produced foods are farmers and agricultural businesses in other countries. But a negative impact would be increased competition among businesses. This represents a rational point of view. Competitors are only concerned with their own wealth and distinction. The company and its well-being is their self interest. Their primary goal is success. Businesses expect other businesses, along with the customers, to show obedience. Companies, individuals and countries alike all view the perspective of the rational dimension. The economy as a whole is rational. Groups such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) are using their hierarchy of power to benefit themselves. The WTO has enforced it’s own laws on the opening ofShow MoreRelatedThe Trade Of International Trade1538 Words   |  7 PagesInternational trade is the exchange of capital, goods in general, and services across other countries or territory provided if the government impose free trade. (Grosse; Behrman, 1992) Free trade means that the government do not intervene on what its citizen can buy, produce or sell internationally. International trade first began in a barter system which is followed by mercantilism in the early 16th and 17th century we’re mercantilism trade is practiced and this is what nation nowadays still viewRead MoreInternational Trade1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The escalating liberalization of international trade that occurred during the decades following World War II under the impulse of various multilateral agreements and organizations has brought about a dramatic change in the geographic scope of logistics and freight transportation systems. While new trade ties have emerged with East Asia, long-time trading partners such as the United States and European nations have also intensified their trade relationships, to the point that the EuropeanRead MoreInternational Trade16708 Words   |  67 PagesExport/Import Procedures and International Trade Contents 1) Outline on International Trade 2) Problems and Barriers to Trade 3) International Trade Terms 4) Trade Financing Payment 5) International Trading Pricing 6) Shipping Documents 7) Cargo Insurance 8) Shipping Organizations 9) Containerisation 10) Freight Market 11) Shipping Operation 12) International Organizations 13) Physical Distribution 14) Modes of Transportation Chapter 1 Outline on International Trade 1. Introduction Read MoreTrade Finance and International Trade1903 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Branch trade finance has become a strong bargaining point in the conduct of international trade. Negotiating strategy needed to reduce finance risk (Branch, 2005). 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In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). This type of trade allows for a greater competition and more competitive pricing in the market. The competition results in more affordable products for the consumer. The exchange of goods also affectsRead MoreInternational Trade and Finance1501 Words   |  7 PagesLinda Luc Duong International Trade and Finance ECO/372 August 27, 2012 Matthew J. Angner International Trade and Finance When there is a surplus of imports brought into the United States it means that the price of the products will drop. Companies in the United States are competing with the Chinese made products will suffer from price drops on goods. Lower prices on goods will benefit consumers. Large screen Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and High Definition Television (HDTV) is a good exampleRead MoreImpact Of Trade Relations On International Trade1485 Words   |  6 Pagescountries are dependant on international trade and the government plays a big role in this through forming their trade policy (Miller, 2010). In the past smaller countries have relied on trading with bigger nations, but in the mid-1960’s a lot of countries looked to pursue independence in their foreign policy. Even though we live in this new technological and global age, forming trade relations is vital to our economy. Every country has different trade policies which determine how trade occurs between themselvesRead MoreThe I nternational Trade Concepts1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Trade Concepts The International Trade Concepts simulation helps one to learn the advantages and limitations of international trade. One can also take what is learned from the simulation and relate it to the U.S. economy and the effects international trade has on it. Learning about how fiscal and monetary policies affect the exchange rate is important as well. Not only can one apply what was learned in the simulation to the U.S. economy but they can also apply it to their workplace

Mental Illness Which Requires Medication And Intervention...

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness which requires medication and intervention (Allison M. R. Lee et al., 2014). This paper focuses on the biological, cognitive, and psychological effects of this disorder. It will also explain the social issues associated with this illness and the treatments available for women. It is known as a mood swing disorder because a person can go from being in a state of happiness and having tons of energy to deep depression and feeling tired (Nevid, Rathus Greene, 2014). People who experience bipolar disorder have no indication of when their mood will change. One day they may feel great and ready to conquer the world and the next day they may want to end their life. They basically lose hope in themselves and†¦show more content†¦Markus Nothen, who is a professor at the University of Bonn, Germany, has said that there are many different genes that interact with environmental factors (Muhleisen et al., 2014). Some environmental factors would includ e stress and drug or alcohol dependency. Families need to be educated about this disorder so they can be aware of the symptoms. Treatment can be administered for this illness especially if there is a family history. Many people are diagnosed with depression and given medication that does not help with their bipolar symptoms (Llewellyn, Stowe Strader, 2014). Antidepressants are prescribed for major depression and a bipolar patient needs more medication for their disorder. The medications that are taken for depression could cause more harm to the person’s psychological behavior. When it takes longer to diagnose bipolar disorder a person’s depression may get worse and cause harmful effects in their everyday life. Bipolar disorder is often overlooked or misdiagnosed when a person’s aggression and anger happen frequently. People in a manic episode tend to show poor judgment by being argumentative and may destroy property while having an episode of anger (Nevid, 2014 , p 257). Men are more likely to experience these manic episodes and go overboard on drinking and have destructive behavior and women have more depressive episodes that include weight gain and insomnia ( Duerr, 2014). Stressful life events increase a

The Role Of Nurse Patient Relationship Model - 1361 Words

Hildegard Peplau, recognized as the mother of psychiatric nursing, focused on helping psychiatric clients, but her theories have influenced all of nursing. Peplau finished her work, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, in 1948, and was published in 1952. According to Peplau (1952), nursing is a â€Å"significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process. It functions co-operatively with other human processes that make health possible for individuals in communities†. This interpersonal relationship has become known as the nurse-patient relationship, and it begins once a felt need is present. It is characterized by overlapping phases that have a number of therapeutic goals to be accomplished through the orientation phase, working phase (identification and exploitation), and resolution phase. Peplau views nursing as a force that is always maturing, and developing through educational, therapeutic, and interpersonal practices. Nurses everywhere owe a lot to Hildegard Peplau. She theor ized about a partnership between clients and nurses in developing a better recovery. The interpersonal relationship model is still used by clinicians working with individuals who have psychological problems, however, every nursing field follows this model to develop the nurse-client relationship. Interpersonal Relationship Peplau defined her theory, Interpersonal Relationship, as â€Å"An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health servicesShow MoreRelatedA Basic Assessment of Hildegard Peplaus Theory Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesBy giving nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service (Draper 1990).Hildegard Peplau, one of the role model of nursing theorist, established a theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing. Her reason is the goal of the nurse-client relationship is to give a quality nursing care moving forward to health promotion and maintenance. The purpose of this paperRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is common to two nursing theories. Compare and Analysis the core concepts definition of client- nurse and the theorists Peplau’s Interpersonal model and Travelbee’s human-to human model .Peplau’s Interpersonal Model will be further discuss and identify where and how it can be best applied to nursing practice and elements of concepts statement, metaparadigms,philosophies and conceptual model. In 1952, Hildegard E.Peplau who was a pioneer in nursing published the book† Interpersonal RelationsRead MoreThe Historical Reshaping Of Primary Nursing As A Type Care Model1325 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivery care model have been utilized and contributed to the reshaping of more current models. Primary nursing model is one of which that has been generally used for a long time and contributed significantly to the nursing profession. It has also held incredible significance in the molding of the many newer delivery care models. Primary nursing is a type care model that has been generally utilized all through the nursing profession by nurses, it is a care model in which a Registered Nurse (RN) alsoRead MoreA Research On Nursing Students Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing students enter school with a nurturing attitude, desiring to help and support individuals through their medical journey, but instructors often deviate away from this image and refuse to approach this model. During this time, nursing students learn technical and medical skills, not behavioral skills. Throughout the first semester, nursing students enter a â€Å"labeled of recognition of incongruity stage†, and nursing students begin to drop out because the nursing school failed to match theirRead MoreExamples Of Joyce Travelbee Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pages Joyce Travelbee Theory of Nurse to Patient Contact Melissa A. Ramsey ECPI University Abstract This theory analysis paper focuses on the work of Joyce Read MoreImplementing A Future Care Delivery Model1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the process of implementing a future care delivery model. Leadership qualifications and roles were described in an effort to assist the leader in identifying and rectifying complications that can impede progress. Potential conflicts among the enablers of change were discussed as well as tools necessary to minimize these barriers. The Twelve Bed Hospital Model was reviewed in detail and recommendations for transitioning into this model were suggested. Transformation Leadership theory was utilizedRead MoreAppl ication Of The Theory Of Interpersonal Relations1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth to Letitia Anne in 1945 but for personal reasons, she did not marry Letitia s father, Donald McIntosh. She wrote many articles for professional journals, textbooks, and handbooks. She was initiated into the nursing hall of fame of the American Nurses Association in 1998 and received numerous honors and awards. Diagnosed with abdominal cancer, Peplau died in her sleep at her dwelling in California in 1999, at the age 89 (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Education Background Peplau had a diploma in nursingRead MoreLiterature Review.. According To The Canadian Nurses Association,1696 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Canadian Nurses Association, limited research and clinical evidence exist on the effectiveness of nursing care delivery models across the continuum of care (2010). A literature review consisting of empirical and theoretical research was conducted to gain insight into three specific models of nursing care: primary nursing, total patient care nursing, and team nursing. The literature pertaining to each model will be explored first, followed by a comparison of the models themselves. PrimaryRead MoreThe Model Of Care Delivery849 Words   |  4 Pagesseen as blasà © no matter what aspect of life is being modified. In Healthcare, it can be quite challenging. While there is an understanding of the need to grow and expand the knowledge base, many Healthcare professionals (HCP) hold steadfast to the model of care delivery that has been the norm. Certainly, it is natural to cling to all that is known when faced with the unknown, even if it has become apparent that the current course is no longer a viable one. A universal understanding of the needRead MoreAnalysis Of Hildegard Peplau s Nursing Theory984 Words   |  4 Pagesof concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing (Current Nursing, 2012).† Hildegard Peplau’s nursing theory focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse and client (Blias Hayes,

How Is Romeo Presented in the First Two Acts of Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

In the first two acts of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is presented as a young, love struck man. He is a dreamer and a fantasist. The audience feels sympathetic towards him because love is taking him nowhere. We will write a custom essay sample on How Is Romeo Presented in the First Two Acts of Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Act 1, we first meet Romeo as he is sobbing about his love for a young lady, who we later find out to be Rosaline. The first line he speaks, â€Å"Is the day so young?†, suggests that he is bored and waiting for something to happen as he is so shocked about how early it is in the day. To emphasise this, he goes on to say, â€Å"Ay me, sad hours seem so long†. Benvolio asks Romeo why he is sad and he explains that he is sad because he has no love and his line, â€Å"Out of here favour where I am in loves† shows that the person he loves does not love him. This is how the audience first learns of Romeo’s love struck ness. To show even more how love struck and sad Romeo is, he admits it to himself when he says, â€Å"This is not Romeo, he is some other where.† Benvolio asks him to â€Å"examine other beauties† to cure his love sickness. But Romeo says that if his eyes see anything more beautiful than Rosaline, then â€Å"turn tears to fires†. This shows that Romeo is very single-minded on Rosaline and believes that no one could be more beautiful than her. On the way to the Capulet’s party, Romeo is presented as upset and a spoil sport. He explains that he has a â€Å"soul of lead† which â€Å"stakes [him] to the ground [he] cannot move†. This shows that he is very serious about his love for Rosaline and feels his sadness as a heavy weight on him, not allowing him to have fun, but to grieve. Reluctantly, Romeo agrees to go to the party in the hope that he will find Rosaline. At the Capulet’s party, Romeo finds another girl, Juliet, and is entranced by her beauty. He asks himself, â€Å"Did my heart love till now?†. This line suggests that he completely falls in love with Juliet and asks himself whether he did love Rosaline or whether he had just got it into his head. This shows that Romeo was very single-minded and a sudden link is made between him and Juliet. However, as Romeo is so absorbed by Juliet he looses his disguise. When Tybalt, a keen Capulet, finds out about this and becomes very angry, describing Romeo as a â€Å"villain Montague† because he has gate crashed the Capulet’s party. This shows that Tybalt is an enthusiastic Capulet and believes Romeo is of the opposite being. But Capulet himself is in a very jolly mood and he describes Romeo as a â€Å"portly gentlemen† and a â€Å"well-governed youth†, showing that Capulet’s beliefs of Romeo is that he is a dignified and well behaved young man. Romeo is also described as a handsome and gentle young man. This is shown in Act 2, as the Nurse described Romeo as â€Å"his face be better than any man’s† and â€Å"gentle as a lamb†. This shows that there are different views of Romeo from different characters but, in general, Romeo is presented as a young, handsome and brave young man who is a distant part of his feud-orientated family. As soon as Romeo falls in love with Juliet a sudden link is made between them. The way they speak is very poetic and in verse, as if they know exactly what to say next. Also, Romeo is presented as religious when he compares his lips to â€Å"two blushing pilgrims†. Romeo is presented as a quite sensible young man and, unlike Benvolio and Mercutio, he doesn’t joke about and mess around. He also doesn’t seem to be part of the dispute between the Capulet’s and Montague’s, showing how keen his is on love. On the other hand, as soon as Romeo and Juliet fall in love they become trapped in their own world and don’t mention much about their families being enemies. Romeo sometimes risks his life and many consequences in order to see Juliet, showing how much he truly loves her. Romeo is also presented as a risky and completely taken in man. At the end of Act 2, Romeo agrees to marry Juliet, but neither the Capulet’s nor Montague’s no about it. This is very risky for Romeo and Juliet and Romeo seems to dismiss the consequences because he is so taken in by Juliet. To make things even more secretive, Romeo arranges for a rope ladder to be sent to the excited Nurse, so that Romeo can climb into Juliet’s room to get married. In conclusion, Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet presents Romeo as, at first, a fantasists and love struck man. By the end of Act 2, he is seen as a very entranced and risky man, showing his devotion of love towards Juliet. How to cite How Is Romeo Presented in the First Two Acts of Romeo and Juliet, Essay examples

Ethics and Governance in Depreciation Policy for Financial

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Governance in Depreciation Policy for Financial. Answer: Introduction: The financial statements are prepared in accordance with the conceptual framework of accounting embedded with the accounting standards and the generally accepted accounting principles. In the given case study, emphasis has been placed on depreciation part of the accounting. In the first case, the change in the method of depreciation from Straight Line Method to Sum of year digit method has been discussed with compliance to the Australian Accounting Standard 116. In the second case, the depreciation has been calculated with different methods and the advantages and the disadvantages of each depreciation method have been provided. In the third case, the consolidated financial statements of the Wesfarmers Company has been analysed in regard to the depreciation if the valuation of the property, plant and equipment. The report is then ended up with the conclusion and recommendation. Meaning Of Depreciation And Its Uses The term depreciation is referred to as the amount set aside from the value of the asset regularly every year on account of the normal loss, wear and tear of the assets of the company. The depreciation is the non cash item and is charged to the Statement of Income. Its major use is that the company will be able to match the cost of the assets with the benefits that the company has derived from the asset over the period of time. Apart from this matching concept, the company will be able to report the value of the assets in the true and fair manner. The third use of the depreciation is that it helps the company in saving the tax component as the tax laws provides that the depreciation is the allowable expenditure while calculating the taxable income (AASB, 2011 and 2014). Ethics And Givernance - Changing Depreciation Stakeholders: Stakeholders are the persons who are vital to the survival of the company. Stakeholder includes shareholders, employees, government authorities, financial institutions and the customers. In the given situation, the first stakeholder is the shareholder of the company (Fontaine, Haarman and Schmid, 2016). Shareholders have invested in the company in order to have the dividends and the increase wealth. Since in the given case, the profit has been deferred from year 2016 and 2017 to the year 2018 and 2019, the return on the investment of the shareholders has been declined. Another major stakeholder is the taxation authorities as less tax will be paid by the company on the declared profits of the year 2016 and 2017. Ethical Issues: Ethics are the rules and principles comprised of the moral beliefs which conduct the behavior of the individuals involved in the working of an organization like employees, top management officials, etc (Andrews, 2011). Following are the ethical issues which is present: Financial Statements of the company has been misrepresented by deferring the profit of the company. Thus, ethics in Finance has been violated. The decision has been made with the consent of employees. Thus, ethics in personnel have been violated (Harsen, 2004). The professional, Marion, has agreed in order to save his professional engagement with the company. The change in method of depreciation has been done without informing shareholders of the company and other stakeholders (Arjoon and Gopal, 2003). Non compliance with the requirement of the accounting standards as the company has not disclosed the fact of change in the method of depreciation in the notes to the financial statements of the company (Badaracco, 2005 and Longstaff , 2008). Objective of the Company Met by Change in Method The company has been advised by Marion to change the accounting method from the straight line method to Sum of Years digit method. In the straight line method, equal amount is charged over the useful life of an asset whereas under the sum of years digit method, the higher depreciation is charged in the nearer periods and the lower depreciation is charged in the future periods (Australian government official website, 2014). By changing the depreciation method the company will be able to generate lower profits in the earlier years and higher profits in the future years and thus in this way the change in method of depreciation has been able to meet the objective. Marions Action Compliance The International Accounting Standard 16 and Australian Accounting Standard 116 provide that the company shall disclose all the facts relating to the assets of the company that has happened during the year (EC Europa, 2009). This standard prescribes that the following shall be disclosed: Carrying amount of asset Depreciation method Useful life of an asset Value of Impairment Loss and Reconciliation statement showing each head of the Property Plant and Equipment (IFRS Official Website, 2012) Also as per the accounting standard 108, the company is required to disclose the change in method of depreciation as the change in an accounting estimate. From the above, Marion fails to comply with the said provisions. Decision Analysis Depreciation Of Machinery Depreciation Schedules DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES UNDER DIFFERENT METHODS S. No. Method Year Ending 30th June Annual Depreciation Expense Accumlated Depreciation Carrying Amount at end of Year 1 Straight Line 2016 $ 110,000 $ 110,000 $ 1,090,000 2017 $ 110,000 $ 220,000 $ 980,000 2018 $ 110,000 $ 330,000 $ 870,000 2019 $ 110,000 $ 440,000 $ 760,000 2020 $ 110,000 $ 550,000 $ 650,000 2 Diminishing Balance 2016 $ 264,000 $ 264,000 $ 936,000 2017 $ 205,920 $ 469,920 $ 730,080 2018 $ 160,618 $ 630,538 $ 569,462 2019 $ 125,282 $ 755,819 $ 444,181 2020 $ 97,720 $ 853,539 $ 346,461 3 Sum of Years Digit 2016 $ 200,000 $ 200,000 $ 1,000,000 2017 $ 180,000 $ 380,000 $ 820,000 2018 $ 160,000 $ 540,000 $ 660,000 2019 $ 140,000 $ 680,000 $ 520,000 2020 $ 120,000 $ 800,000 $ 400,000 4 Units of Production Method 2016 $ 205,224 $ 205,224 $ 994,776 2017 $ 184,701 $ 389,925 $ 810,075 2018 $ 225,746 $ 615,672 $ 584,328 2019 $ 238,060 $ 853,731 $ 346,269 2020 $ 246,269 $ 1,100,000 $ 100,000 Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Depreciation Method Straight Line This method is very easy to calculate and solve and is less time consuming. The main disadvantage is that it may not reflect the fair view of the performance of the assets (Arora, 2015). Diminishing Balance It is useful where the importance and the usage of the asset decline over the useful life. The disadvantage is that the rate of depreciation is subject to the personal bias. Sum of Years Digit Method It is very easier to grasp and on the other hand is very cumbersome to calculate. Units of Production Method It reflects the fair view of the performance of the assets. But it is very difficult to identify and difficult to measure the sense of reliability. It is recommended to adopt straight line method as it is permissible by the Australian Accounting Standards. Buy Or Lease OPTION 1 BUY Calculation of IRR YEAR 0 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 NPV @ 20% Present Value (1200000) 350000 340000 355000 360000 380000 PVF (20%,n) 1.00 0.83 0.69 0.58 0.48 0.40 Present Value (1200000) 291667 236111 205440 173611 152713 Net Present Value (140458) NPV @ 10% Present Value (1200000) 350000 340000 355000 360000 380000 PVF (10%,n) 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.75 0.68 0.62 Present Value (1200000) 318182 280992 266717 245885 235950 Net Present Value 147725 IRR (In Percentage) = Low Rate + (NPV at lower rate / (NPV at lower rate - NPV at higher rate))*(Difference in rates) = 10+(147725 / (147725-(-140458))*(20-10) = 15 OPTION 2 LEASE Calculation of IRR YEAR 0 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 NPV @ 70% Present Value (250000) 170000 150000 195000 205000 480000 PVF (70%,n) 1.00 0.59 0.35 0.20 0.12 0.07 Present Value (250000) 100000 51903 39691 24545 33806 Net Present Value (55) NPV @ 60% Present Value (250000) 170000 150000 195000 205000 480000 PVF (60%,n) 1.00 0.63 0.39 0.24 0.15 0.10 Present Value (250000) 106250 58594 47607 31281 45776 Net Present Value 39508 IRR (In Percentage) = Low Rate + (NPV at lower rate / (NPV at lower rate - NPV at higher rate))*(Difference in rates) = 60+(39508/ (39508-(-55))*(70-60) = 70 As the Internal Rate of Return is higher in case of Leasing decision, the company shall adopt to have Machinery on Lease. Analysis - Wefarmers Reporting of Property Plant and Equipment The property plant and equipment has been reported at the cost less depreciation and impairment loss if any. The total carrying amount of Property plant and equipment for the year ending 30th June 2016 is $9612 Million. Composition of Property Plant and Equipment Property Plant and Equipment is composed of Freehold Land, Building, Leasehold Improvements, Plant, Vehicles and Equipment and Mineral Lease and Development (Wesfarmers Official Website, 2016). Methods of Depreciation Used The depreciation has been calculated using straight line method in which cost has been depreciated over the useful life of an asset. Rates of Depreciation or Useful Life of an Asset Yes the group has disclosed the useful life of an asset. These are mentioned below: Buildings 20 to 40 years Plant and Equipments Between 3 and 40 years Leasehold Improvements Leasehold period Amount of Depreciation for Current and Previous Year The amount of Depreciation charged in the current year is $1162 million and in the previous year $1101 million. Purchases and Treatment of Borrowing Costs Yes, asset of $1738 million has been purchased during the year. Yes assets of $984 million are under construction. Borrowing costs have been capitalized by the company in the assets. No the company does not have any commitments for future expansions. Conclusion Depreciation has been the major part of the financial statements as it is directly related to the assets of the company which is counted as the Net Worth of the company. Every company is required to follow the guidelines of the accounting standards of the respective countries and also the International Accounting Standards. 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